The principle behind this theory is that a persons job satisfaction can depend on two factors. It is also called the theory of irregularities of distribution. A study on comparing the relationship among organizational. The main premise of this theory is that satisfaction is determined by a discrepancy between what one wants in a job and what one has in a job. What are the different theories of job satisfaction. Some theories of job satisfaction included discrepancy theory locke, 1969, equity theory mowday, 1992, and the motivatorhygiene theory herzberg. Help organizations understand the importance of having the right people in the right position. Essentially, satisfaction is said to be derived from a comparative process that considers a. Occupational stress andjob burnout occupational stress is discrepancy between the skills and abilities of employee, pressure of work demands, and working environment. The utility of job satisfaction measures rests on the develop ment of multiple measurement methods that are standardized, suitable for wide use, and capable of detecting population differences and population changes.
Herzbergs motivatorhygiene theory suggests that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not two opposite ends of the same continuum, but instead are two separate and, at times, even unrelated concepts. The last theory used to explain job satisfaction was proposed by landy. Abraham maslows hierarchy of needs on the needs fulfillment theory has already been discussed in the section of motivation. An employment satisfaction survey is a very powerful feedback mechanism tool.
It is a judgement that a product or service feature, or the product or service itself. Key findings linking employee satisfaction with productivity, performance, and customer satisfaction pdf. Identifying with, caring about, valuing the work you do. Lockes range of affect theory 1976 is arguably the most famous job satisfaction model. In the end, the research results showed that, the job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational climate of teachers in rural areas are higher than those of those in urban areas. Factors influencing job satisfaction an empirical study. Drafting a job satisfaction survey can be burdensome for some because it requires time and effort. Job satisfaction is a workers sense of achievement and sucess on the job. Theories of job satisfaction theoretical framework job. Several work motivation theories have corroborated the implied role of job. His theory is known as the opponent process theory.
Organizational justice perceptions and pay level satisfaction. Many theorists have tried to come up with an explanation for why people feel the way they do in regards to their job. According to evans 2001, the perceived proximity to their conception of a job related ideal would determine the principals morale, motivation and job satisfaction. Job satisfaction can be measured based on morale, opinion, attitude, work climate, and quality of work life. Keywords havewant discrepancy satisfaction mediation analysis multilevel path analysis 1 introduction satisfaction is regarded as a function of the discrepancy between what people have and what they want. Job satisfaction can be measured in cognitive evaluative, affective or emotional, and behavioral components. First, we describe the use of discrepancy theory in. Job satisfaction trends during nurses early career bmc. The concept of discrepancy theory is to explain the ultimate source of anxiety and dejection. Turnover intention among probation officers and direct care. Discrepancy between role expectations and job descriptions. The second theory, discrepancy theory, is derivative of equity theory, and considers pay satisfaction to be a function of the discrepancy of two. To better understand these employee and job characteristics and their relationship to job satisfaction, various theories have emerged and provided the vital framework for future job satisfaction studies. Essentially, satisfaction is said to be derived from a comparative process that considers a prior formed impression about an.
Otherwise, lack of satisfaction as well as dissatisfaction should be expected. Ekinci et al 2004 cites olivers updated definition on the disconfirmation theory, which states satisfaction is the guests fulfilment response. Keywords havewant discrepancy satisfaction mediation analysis multilevel path analysis 1 introduction satisfaction is regarded as a function of the discrepancy between. Researchers have also noted that job satisfaction measures vary. The concept of job satisfaction is multifaceted hence a number of theories are advanced to explain what it means and how the theories could be applied to enhance employee performance. Job satisfaction amongst employees at a public health institution in the western cape nezaam luddy minithesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of magister commercii in the department of industrial psychology, faculty of economic and management science, university of the western cape. In mathematics, discrepancy theory describes the deviation of a situation from the state one would like it to be in. Feb 11, 2011 theory, an employee compares hisher outcomeinput ratio with referent others, and pay satisfaction is dependent on the comparison of the persons ratio with a comparison other. Perceptions of occupational safety and health administration outreach trainers. On the other hand, job satisfaction relates to significant conventional views, which are formulated via mausner and herzberg 1959. F estinger cult study discomfort w discrepancy bn what you knew, and new information. The case study of tanzania police force headquarters in partial fulfillment of the requirements for award of the degree of master of human resource management of open university of tanzania.
This conception of an ideal job is fluid and reflects the principals current needs, perceptions and expectations. This theory suggests that a persons job satisfaction comes from what they feel is important rather than. In other words, the discrepancy between present aspects of the job and the aspect desired by the employee generates job dissatisfaction. Job satisfaction is positively related to the degree to which ones needs are fulfilled.
Therefore, the objective of this paper is to trace the relationship. A person may be satisfied with one or more aspects of hisher job but at the same time may be unhappy with other things related to the job. Another important factorvariable that should be included to predict job satisfaction accurately is the strength of the individuals desire of his level of aspiration in a particular area. The relationship between job satisfaction, job performance. The results studied the effect of demographic variables such as pharmaceutical experience, educational level, and age on the job satisfaction. However, expectancy models for example, that of porter and lawler suggest a more complex view of motivation, and that job satisfaction does not.
The implication of herzberg is theory is that in a formal organization such as unicem, employees i satisfaction or dissatisfaction will depend on the availability of the conditions and incentives outlined above. Discrepancy theory can be described as the study of inevitable irregularities of distributions, in measuretheoretic and combinatorial settings. Locke developed the idea known as discrepancy theory. Their job satisfaction will be further enhanced if they are doing work that is utilizing their skills. Job satisfaction or employee satisfaction is a measure of workers contentedness with their job, whether or not they like the job or individual aspects or facets of jobs, such as nature of work or supervision. Another wellknown job satisfaction theory is the dispositional theory it is a very general theory that suggests that people have innate dispositions that cause them to have tendencies toward a certain level of satisfaction, regardless of ones job. In the public sector, there is a stronger relationship between public service motivation and job satisfaction than in. Different job satisfaction theories include i discrepancy theories, which. Another name of discrepancy theory is affect theory which is developed by edwin a. He suggested that the primary reaction the immediate emotional response combined with the secondary reaction the later emotional response creates a stabilized equilibrium which results in job satisfaction. Personality traits and job satisfaction 4 proceedings of 2nd international conference on business management isbn. Job satisfaction or employee satisfaction is a measure of workers contentedness with their job. Discrepancy theory job satisfaction stems from the discrepancy between the.
The discrepancy theory is concerned on what the workers are expecting and. Job satisfaction is closely linked to that individuals behaviour in the work place davis et al. Motivating factors like pay and benefits, recognition and achievement need to be met in order for an employee to be satisfied with. A questionnaire evaluating different dimensions of job satisfaction related to overall satisfaction is the job satisfaction survey. The most widely accepted theory of job satisfaction was proposed by locke 1976, who defined job satisfaction as a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job or job experiences locke, 1975, p. Models of job satisfaction affect theory organizational. First, we describe the use of discrepancy theory in other disciplines relevant to is research. However, according to vroom, the fulfillment theory suffers from a major drawback. The section following that provides an approach to organizing, or modeling, the correlates of job satisfaction. A miniature difference sets out job satisfaction as being high and a huge difference would mean the employee is less satisfied with the job. In the public sector, there is a stronger relationship between public service motivation and job satisfaction than in the private sector, and. Apr 14, 2020 among the theories of job satisfaction, probably the most widelyknown is the range of affect theory, or simply, affect theory. Whether job satisfaction influences employee satisfaction in organizations remains a crucial issue to managers and psychologists.
Theories of job satisfaction explained with example. Determinants of job dissatisfaction among employees in. Discrepancy theory a theory that job satisfaction stems from the discrepancy from commerce 2ba3 at mcmaster university. Lockes 1969 opinion stated as discrepancy theory, suggests that job satisfaction grows out of the feeling that what things the individual think as important for himself, not meeting the need of the individual. Some of the most important theories of job satisfaction and their impacts on workers are as follows. It helps maintain harmony and unity of thought in an office environment. The final section suggests some priorities for further research and development. Meyer 1993 defined job satisfaction as an affective attachment to a job that can be viewed as an overall, global perception, or it can be viewed in regards to. Job satisfaction will vary directly with the extent to which those needs of an individual, which can be satisfied are actually satisfied. Equity theory suggests that job satisfaction stems from a comparison of the.
In this chapter, we present the versatility of discrepancy theory in the explanation and prediction of satisfaction in is research models and show how to avoid many of the analytical pitfalls. These long work hours may be indicative of a strong commitment by clergy to their congregations and community. Sector differences in the public service motivationjob. Contribution of the study the following are the contributions that this research study provides. Job satisfaction therefore is a measurement of job and work expectations and not just an overall holistic attitudinal manifestation.
It is generally perceived to be directly linked to productitivty as well as to personal wellbeing. Pdf discrepancy theory models of satisfaction in is research. He also found that job satisfaction is an indicator of employees motivation to come to work and it changes with age and employment cycle. A workers overall job satisfaction is determined by summing his or her satisfaction with each facet of the job.
After that, we discuss satisfaction used in is research starting with user satisfaction followed by employee job satisfaction. Among the theories of job satisfaction, probably the most widelyknown is the range of affect theory, or simply, affect theory. Job satisfaction and employee performance has been a topic of research for decades. The most widely accepted theory of job satisfaction was proposed by. Discrepancy theory job satisfaction stems from the discrepancy. Different theories have been improved about job satisfaction. Job satisfaction is the favourableness or unfavourableness with which employees view their work10. Discrepancy theory a theory that job satisfaction stems from. Job satisfaction indicators this section summarizes considerations that bear upon the. He also found that job satisfaction is an indicator of employees motivation to come to work and. Concept that when people become aware of a deficiency in their competence they are motivated to learn, and the anxiety caused by the discrepancy between what they know and what they need to know drives them to.
Snazzlefrags organizational behavior dsst study notes. Drafting a job satisfaction survey can be burdensome for some because it. A study of the relationships between job satisfaction and. This refers to the theme of classical discrepancy theory, namely distributing points in some space such that they are evenly distributed with respect to some mostly geometrically defined subsets. The first research work in the field of consumers satisfaction and the later studies in the field of service perceived quality jiang, klein and crampton, 2000. Fulfillment theory, discrepancy theory, equity theory twofactor theory and lockes value theory fulfillment theory the main aim of this theory is to measure satisfaction in terms of rewards a person receives or the extent to which his needs are satisfied. Turnover intention among probation officers and direct. This study will explain the existence of this discrepancy, measure its impacts, and test personal characteristics that may moderate any negative outcomes. Discrepancy theory models of satisfaction in is research. The job satisfaction of the employees is directly related to the performance of the employees at their organization hence it becomes inevitable for organizations to know about the job satisfaction of their employees. In addition, the utility rests upon these measures having an agreed. Discrepancy theory a theory that job satisfaction stems. Although lawlers discrepancy theory expanded adams equity theory by incorporating the concept of valence how much one values the reward, both theories are essentially based on predicting pay satisfaction and explaining its organizational outcomes. Occupational stress has negative effect on job satisfaction.
Discrepancy theor y described the study of inevitable irregularities of distributions, in measuretheoretic and combinatorial settings. A path analysis of relationships among job stress, job satisfaction, motivation to transfer, and transfer of learning. Factors influencing job satisfaction an empirical study with. Locke in 1976 and is considered the most famous job satisfaction model. Further, the theory states that how much one values a given facet of work e.
The theory suggests that satisfaction is determined by a discrepancy between what one wants in a job and what an employee is getting from the job. A miniature difference sets out job satisfaction as being high and a huge difference would mean the employee is. Job satisfaction is an important component of nurses lives that can impact on patient safety, productivity and performance, quality of care, retention and turnover, commitment to the organisation and the profession. Concept that when people become aware of a deficiency in their competence they are motivated to learn, and the anxiety caused by the discrepancy between what they know and what they need to know drives them to make the required effort change of behavior. Open university of tanzania, a dissertation entitled employees job dissatisfaction and organizational performance in tanzania police force. This led to the development of the discrepancy theory of job satisfaction. Locke 1976, is possibly the most known and famous job satisfaction model. Determinants of job dissatisfaction among employees in formal. Discrepancy theory provides broad coverage in explaining satisfaction. Little is known about job satisfaction in early career and how it varies for different groups of nurses.